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.Copyright, Terry Gibson, BA, MEd

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. Be Grammar-Confident Leisurely Crash Course in Written English Both British and American Forms Updated . . . . Welcome to Course E-1 . . . ... . Grefs Open GLOSSARY in Course C-1 . . . . Reference-reading Lessons . . . . Assignments based on Reading E1a1E1ba . "It is what it does!" Semantics: meaning. Using nouns as verbs, nouns as adjectives, and verbs as nouns. Sometimes even nouns as adverbs and rarely adverbs into nouns and verbs. Later: Analysing complex sentences, graphic analysis, Noun Clauses and other Obstacles, Pro Analysis! Introduction FORMS Self-test under construction   Click to Move Within This Course   E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8  Active when bright   Click to Find Other Courses   Course A Course B Course C Course D ..

Swan's Practical English Usage, published by Oxford is the 1995 text that serves as reference. It is recent but will be replaced within the next few years as we get more and more muddled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Both British and American Forms Updated .

. I would have preferred to be able to sit beside you, answering questions, as we enter the most demanding part of these courses, because it is too often the most neglected of all, and thus the most valuable. Truly, mastery here will let the whole beautiful organization of our language make sense, and show why I feel its loss is a hidden tragedy. --Terry .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Grefs . Parts of Speech: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs. .. . . . . .Having the Glossary Open will help do this work. . . . . . . . . . so you can click it up as you need it. . . . . . . to provide the information that makes it easy. .

Introductions can make all the difference. While those who have studied foreign languages will find Section E fun and easy, this topic will have difficulties for the rest who until now had hardly even heard of adjectives and adverbs, perhaps not even nouns and verbs. Within living memory, English language had an equally astute, compact organization as French and Spanish and wiser languages that are still logical, and in their clarity, beautiful. Only English saw fit to throw (shudder) grammar out of the curriculum in schools, trusting it to survive in the vernacular. In less than fifty years its decay has proven them wrong. My senior high school 'Creative English' text included all of it in three hundred pages, complete with exercises. Without exercises, the reference used today in these courses has more than double that, alphabetically arranged because by now the structure no longer exists, and Usage continues to disrupt its logic. The prevailing attitude seems to be that if it sounds good it's right. Sometimes, true. .

Grefs . . . .. . This begins a section on PARTS OF SPEECH . . . . . . . . . Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles, verbs, adverbs, . . . . . . . . . . . . prepositions, conjunctions, participles, gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Best for those who enjoy puzzles, . . . . . but truly to understand how language is put together... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . today's rule: . . . . . . . . . . . It is what it does. Do you have your GLOSSARY open as a reference? For today: A verb is an action word, bare predicate in a sentence. A noun is the name of a person, place or thing, subject or object in a sentence. An adjective describes a noun, An adverb describes verbs, adjectives and other adverbs . . . . . . . So, in grammar, what exactly is a subject? --a predicate? . . Is the subject's fate predicated on psychiatric assessment? . . No but it is another meaning of the two words. . --Terry Example: In the sentence, ' Into every life a little rain must fall ' (bonus 5 if you can name who first said that. It is not mine, and Quotations of Fitzhenry and Whiteside missed it. Try Bartlett's) if we rearrange it, subject of the sentence first, it becomes: 'A little rain must fall into every life.' (Less poetic version.) The subject: 'A little rain' (bare subject, 'rain' ) The predicate: 'must fall into every life.' (bare predicate, 'must fall' ) 'rain' noun 'must fall' verb phrase (because it has more than one verb) 'A little' adjectives, (not a phrase; it has no preposition.) into every life.', adverb phrase answering 'where' ( phrase because 'into' is a preposition.) Too much too soon? Hang in there, it's worth the challenge, and for AP members an extra bonus up to 200 points on completion! 25 per unit. Yes, a bribe, remind me! We need people who KNOW. See details in the Glossary Many common words are like chameleons, able to function correctly in two or more ways. It is what it does. Take a big jump over the puddle. A noun, object of the verb "take" A frog can jump far. A verb, part of a verb phrase "can jump" His jump won a medal in track and field. A noun, subject of the . . .. . . . . . verb "won" A jump-master teaches parachutists. An adjective describing the . . . . . . noun "master" Also adjective, a jumpsuit is worn by a parachutist. We had to jump-start the stalled car; "to start" is the infinitive of a verb and since jump tells HOW, it thus is an adverb describing the verb. Always logical. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It is what it does. A homophone is another thing that contributes to the many uses. . . .Watch the spelling. Canvas and canvass are not the same word, but in the oral society . . .. .we have become, it gets confusing for they sound alike. Canvass : verb, to canvass for opinions (to ask for information) . . . .It can also be a noun: the result of such a survey: The canvass showed a preference for that candidate.(noun, . . .. . . .. . . .. subject) Canvas: noun a waterproof cloth, the tent is made of canvas object . . .. of a preposition, "of" Oil paintings are done on canvas. noun object of preposition "on" The canvas shelter flapped in the wind. adjective, modifying noun . . .. . . "shelter" It is what it does. Take a sentence from above, using OIL: Oil paintings are done on canvas. Oil is an adjective describing the . .. noun, paintings. Oil and vinegar make a simple salad dressing. Oil is a noun, subject of the verb "make." Oil the noisy hinge. A command makes this Oil into a verb. It is what it does. She can paint portraits. Can is a verb , part of the verb phrase can . .. .paint. A can of milk was left on the table. Can is a noun, subject of was left. It is what it does. Copyright Terry Gibson.2007

. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. Dictionary Assignment: . . .... . . . . . . . .. . Part-of-Speech Sentences Sentences using the same word as a different part of speech, . . . .. for example, using a noun as a verb or as an adjective. . . . . . . .. . . .The Dictionary uses code on its meanings. . . . .. . n. noun . . . .v. verb . . . .adj. adjective . . . .adv. adverb . . . .. . . . .There are many more adjectives than adverbs. . .Grefs . . . . . SPECIAL NOTE: PLEASE DO NOT BE CONFUSED . . . . .We are working at the level of WORDS in this section,. . . . . . . . . not as phrases or two-part words. The purpose is to . . . . . . . . . create a FEEL for what it is to be a verb or noun, . . . . . adverb or adjective. Single words can of course combine to act as nouns, even though taken individually it is an adjective + noun (e.g. date palm-- what kind of palm? date acts as adj.) but the two together are shown in Webster's as n. Dictionaries differ further in their use of identifiers. This will make the grading of this exercise rather tricky. In Oxford, You will find .adv on adverb phrases, where the particular word modifies a noun, object of the preposition. Therefore, in the Oxford Dictionary where adverb phrases are shown as "adv." the WORD is an adjective. Adverbs do not modify nouns. Also the compound noun "day trip" is a n. in Oxford, whereas really, it is "trip" that is a noun, with "day"--normally also a noun, acting as an adjective describing what kind of trip it is. These will be graded with some leniency if a case can be made for what you have chosen. .. . .. . . . .. . Keep your glossary handy (on screen or print-out) Dic . . tionaDictionary n. .v. . .adj.. .adv. Dic . . tionaDouble check for meanings! Dic . . tionaDic . . tGrefs After studying the way IT IS WHAT IT DOES works with PARTS OF SPEECH, select five more interesting of the pairs of homophones (Also called homonyms) for three or more uses: Noun, verb, adjective, adverb as shown in examples. Please use them in short sentences and label what they are. Graded out of a minimum of fifteen, with labelled sentences.. Bonus points for good extras. EXAMPLE: 2) root, route (rout is not a homophone) noun, The root of a plant anchors it to the ground. .. . . .. .They use the same route to town every week. verb, Gardeners root out all the weeds. .. . . .. .Route the new rules to all managers. adjective, They studied the route map on their trip. .. . . .. .The root problem is lack of confidence. adverb. .Tells how, when, where (rare) Also, where pronunciation differs by location of student, for instance making "route" rhyme with "out, opposite of in" and thus making a pair with "rout" (I do not know if this happens, but supposing,) please inform the one who grades it, of your location and its effect!) . . ... . . . .. tionaAssignment E1a Dic . . tionaDictionary n. .v. . .adj.. .adv. Dic . . tionaDouble check for meanings! Dic . . tionaSet up your replies by copy-paste of: Number e.g.1) Repeated for each answer. noun, verb, adjective, adverb. ( 1)clime, climb 2)mite, might 3)chute, shoot 4)flee, flea 5)great, grate 6)would, wood 7)aloud, allowed 8)lie, lye 9)sail, sale 10)seem, seam 11)hew, hue 12)medal, meddle 14)break, brake 15)council, counsel . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ....Grefs . . .... . . . . . . . .. . . ..It-Is-What-It-Does Chameleons . . .... . Dictionary and Glossary recommended . adv. adverb . . . n. noun . . . .v. verb . . . .adj. adjective . . . All the words below are adverbs, but they have other uses too. Include as many diferent kinds as possible, without having to choose all examples. Dic . . tionaDictionary adv. . .adj. . .n. .v. . . . Dic . . tionaDouble check Dictionary for meanings! .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . Assignment E1b Give at least fifteen short sentences, with many uses. (The first has all four kinds.) Do not change spelling. Number 1) adverb. fast . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 2) adverb. dead . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 3) adverb. ever . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 4) adverb. east . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 5) adverb. early . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 6) adverb. even . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 7) adverb. south . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 8) adverb. completely . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 9) adverb. due . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 10) adverb. too . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 11) adverb. deeply . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 12) adverb. late . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 13) adverb. daily . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 14) adverb. crosswise or crossways . .adjective, . .noun, . .verb, 15) adverb. dearly . .adjective, . .verb, . .noun, (38 possible answers) .

. We recomend that you call up CourseE-1 in Allpoetry when at least five parts have opened it for credits. and work the assignments THERE to make the work easier to submit. Please submit answers at once to AP Class box directly. We have had trouble receiving graded works in the submit-box in AP Class toward the trophy. By being graded in the box, they cannot be lost! For full feedback, please also IM your E-mail address to DeeCrepit. Feedback will be sent to you there Your five best assignments are now the minimum for a trophy. There have been eight parts in each of the courses from the start. That means the pressure is off as you do the advanced #7 and #8 worth a percentage of 50 bonus points each, dependent on your results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back to Top or onward to Part E2 . . . . . . . .. . Copyright: Tiled wallpaper drawn by Terry Gibson 1996