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Grefs2, Cumulative REFERENCES
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A2a.
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In poetry, punctuating
for effect and meaning. rhythm (by request) |
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A2b
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Using, punctuating direct
and indirect quotations, When, how and why change one to the other
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B2
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Using the apostrophe: Contractions,
Possessives of Nouns? Special plurals
Possessive Determiners
(pronoun errors)
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C2
-..
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Pronouns, subject, subjective, object, possessive,
Uses of Pronouns, Correct
forms of pronouns
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D2
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D2a Problem
where data, media, and phenomena
look singular and thus are used wrong.
Correct spelling of the plural form of nouns.
D2b VOCABULARY BUILDING
from other languages. Invitation to help build our list.
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E2
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--.
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Introducing Sentence form, Assertive,
noun subject / verb predicate. . . + Modifiers
Bookmark this for much use in future. |
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The Source of All Knowledge (?)
Grammar REFS
Grefs2
This assignment begins with a pertinent poem, mine,
on the topic of emergency aid for a dying language.
There are those who said Latin is a dead language too.
I do not want to see the final requiem.
Updated USAGE
.... .A..
..Practical English Usage.by Michael Swan, is publshed by Oxford...
The 1995 text that serves as reference is recent, will be replaced .
with one much larger as English gets more and more muddled.
In 1945, all the grammar we needed took less than 200 pages.
A Leisurely Crash Course in Written English
GREFS to support unit 2 Section A1
You have CHOICE
between punctuation in poetry and in prose.
May I suggest you read both to see which to do?
Both are welcome of course, if you have time.
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. . . . .
A2
Punctuating both prose and poetry
. .A2a Poetry, punctuating for effect
and meaning
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...and when not!
..A2b Punctuating direct and indirect quotations,
. . . . When, how
and why change one to the other
. . . . The run-on sentence to end all run-ons,
...
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COMMAS and Poetry
,
- - - - - - - - ASSIGNMENT
A2a
- - - - -
Commas in verse today are sparingly used. A comma is a pause in reading
and must have good reason to be there. Omit when you can, but do not forget how they can focus meaning too.
- - - - -
It used to be Traditional to have a comma or period at the end of every line,
just as every line began with a capital, not because sentences required,
but because "otherwise it is not a poem." That's the rule. NOT
- - - - My own opinion
of course.
- - - - As a professional
teacher it bothers me, that it
may still be taught as "the way it is done." It can be, granted, if it matches the meaning, but not exclusively. In contrast, e e cummings (who dared to invent) has a
wide following among those who use neither, opening the meaning of a poem to more possibilities than if limited
by punctuation. That is fun, but can be detrimental if a point is to be made in its meaning. My preference in own
work, is to punctuate as if for sentences.
- - - - Punctuation can bring new meanings of its own, by its focus. When a poem carries its inherent message or makes a powerful point, punctuation clarifies and strengthens.
- - - - -
In the example poem, Clawing
Back Literacy, we see the three major reasons
to use commas, two the same as in prose:
- - - - -
(Like line 1) items of a list, in three lines,
- - - - -
Pauses in midline (like line
5) in six lines,
and comma omitted at line-end in enjambments (like line 3)
in nine lines.
- - - - - The bard, William Shakespeare, has enjambments in many if not most of his formal sonnets.
Enjambments hide rhymes
with no pause before the next line especially to keep rigid rhyme-schemes from dominating the poem.
It also has a figure of speech
called a metonymy where - - - - -
Joe Blow stands generally for "most other people."
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. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. . . ... . Assignment A2a
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . .MANY CHOICES FOR POETS.
. . ... . .. . . ... . .. . Minimum One of these, more welcome!
The assignments are not tests, they are here to teach!
The test is in your later progress.
Check out the punctuation here,..[politicians, and in US only]
who's is 'who is'
..............anyone's is 'possessive'
.
. . . . . Clawing Back Literacy
. .
1. Unaware, our
entertainers,
leaders,
2. our spokesmen,
news commentators,
3. Joe Blow, politicians, and advertisers
4. all lack knowledge of common errors.
.
5. Now, who's here to notice mistakes
6. published every day in the media,
7. when few were old enough to learn?
8. When wrong sounds right, that is when
9. we approach the point of no return.
.
10. Even more serious:
at school, errors
11. are innocently taught.
How could it be
12. otherwise when our younger teachers,
13. themselves taught by a first generation,
14. who became teachers,
administrators,,
15. without the base of knowledge needed,
16. for English,
formerly a proud language?
.
17. Not their fault.
Not anyone's fault
what
18. "Progress" insisted should be taught,
19. (We simply did not know)--and
what not.
.
20. We are looking at progressive decay.
21. Be glad if destruction we can delay....
From "Clawing," locate and copy-paste your answer:
Number your answers.
#1. (Like line
1) items of a LIST, two
more lines that each list several things pasted as your answer. [like red, yellow and blue] (comma before 'and' in US)
.
#2. (like line
5) PAUSES in midline OR at ends,
four more lines, pasted
as your answer to #2
.
#3. Enjambments
WITHOUT END-comma (like line 3)
four more pasted please,
as your answer to #3
(Read these through to next line without pausing.)
.
AND #4. -------------( Still part of A2a )
. WRITE A SHORT UNRHYMED POEM
loosely based on BACK ROADS (below)
IN your poem, INCLUDE at least one of each: list, one midline pause, and one enjambment.
(Just to see if you can apply the three rules of commas in verse, with some focus not there without commas.
This tests technical knowledge
Not expecting breathlessly beautiful poetry, rhythm or rhyme of course, but Bonus if I see it. Humor appreciated)
DO BOTH FOR EXTRA CREDIT.
AND / OR by request,
introducing rhythm (Thanks
Rose!) (You've seen this before...)
About meter:
(Tricks of the trade coming up!)
The rhythm comes first!
Before starting to do the poem get your ideas together,
a list not a poem. (That puts the words up top in your subconscious.
Most poets use the subconscious freely, letting the ideas flow into
written words without attempting to control what is said. Editing it later will keep the best parts.)
Then decide what beat you'd like (There are four kinds)
Perhaps from a poem you had to learn in school, whatever.
If nothing comes to mind, try this:
(A ballad form with iambic meter.)
[Metre in Canada, UK]
taDA taDA taDA taDA //
taDA taDA taDA. // Repeat repeat....
4 and 3, 4 and 3
Clap it out, tap the toe, repeat taDA, give it a tune...:
Keep on until nonsense words start to fit themselves in. Relax, let it come, orally at first .Do
not force it!
a Bit by Bit, a Bit by Bit,
and IF not Yet, it
WILL
Remember that the
nonsense words
will sometimes make good sense.
It really does not matter much
taDA taDA pretense !
. Assignment
A2a
(Continue and complete
at least 12 lines, providing six 4-beat lines of your
own taDA taDA taDA taDA and
some of the following,
in whatever order you choose, and change if any need changing. Yours may,
but do not have to rhyme.)
taDA taDA taDA taDA
ex-or-bi-tant ex-pense
taDA taDA taDA taDA
to hide in-tel-li-gence
taDA taDA taDA taDA tre-men-dous-ly in-tense
taDA taDA taDA taDA
it made no dif-fe-rence
taDA taDA taDA taDA
in-cre-di-ble sus-pense
taDA taDA taDA taDA
su-preme in-com-pe-tence
in-ten-ded abs-ti-nence
and ea-ger con-fi-dence
then here the joy dis-pense
for-e-ver-more, si-lence
in-com-pe-tent-ly
dense
with bald-faced in-so-lence
em-pa-thic trans-fe-rence
com-pli-cit in-do-lence
un-kind im-per-ti-nence
in-dul-gent neg-li-gence
un-skilled bel-li-ge-rence
im-pres-sive e-mi-nence
with blea-ry self-de-fence
( A small point, truly successful rhythm hides even as its sense of unity
lends its grace.)
-
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. Assignment
A2b has three parts.
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . .For Prose-writers, Next
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-Indirect
. . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES
for A2b
In A1, we saw how to punctuate direct quotations.
.Study these:
Indirect quotation: She said
that there would be no typing.
Direct quotation: "There will be no typing," she
said.
Using, punctuating direct and indirect quotations,
How and why change one to the others...
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-In
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When would you choose indirect quotation?
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- - - -[ NOTE THE USE
OF INDENTED PARAGRAPHS HERE.
- - - -THERE IS NO
BLANK LINE BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS.]
EXAMPLE:
- - - - -
In fiction, when a character is reporting what someone else said, it would usually be an indirect quotation: italics are there
to help you find them.
- - - -Obviously his nosy neighbour
was bursting with news. "You'll never believe what I just heard about You-know-who!"
- - - -Actually Bill did not
know or care who, but to keep the peace, he asked, "What?"
- - - -Like a conspirator,
eyes flitting left and right, her voice low, she said,
"I was shooting the breeze with Irma and--" as if doubting she should tell,
"The police took her husband away." Breathy excitement: "Irma told
me he had some information for them, but you know, they don't cuff a person for that."
Slyly, she continued, "I always wondered how they could afford to travel on what he makes, but she told me that there had been an inheritance..."
Compare: Direct: For dramatic effect the punctuation is interesting.
- - - -Unfortunately, Bill
knew more than he let on. Later with his wife, he just had to share what he knew. She listened in silence, wondering
how she would feel to be the topic of gossip like that. "Poor Irma," she said.
- - - -"Yes, poor Irma."
With obvious embarrassment, Bill mumbled,
"I still can't believe that he said, 'Sure help yourself. They'll never miss it.' My dad would kill me if I stole!"
- - - - -
Single quotation marks inside double quotation marks clarify who said
what.
- - - - -
NOTE: Swan says it may also be double inside single (UK)
- - - - -
The quotation marks are ONLY around what is heard.
- - - - -
- - - - Assignment
A2b .For Prose-writers, Next |
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In nonfiction
- - - - -
Technical works, description of scientific facts, financial reports, law, and medical
matters would less often include off-side comments of any kind. It would distract from the serious purpose.
- - - - - If the item includes publicity for persons involved, then indirect
quotations would be more likely. There are exceptions:
.
.In nonfiction,
journalism, both.
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- - With permission:
- Quoted from North Bay Nugget, Sports page C1, Ken Pagan - in an interview with aerialist Steve Omischl at Lake Placid: |
"I""I"-
- "I've done all the lead-up
work, I'm right where I want to be,"
- - Omischl said. "I'm feeling super-confident again." The heel injury,
- - which forced him to take four months away in the
off-season, is - - - still
lingering, but is not a factor, he said.
- - - - - Combining both direct and indirect quotations works - - -
to provide variety and personality.
- - - - -
Omischl added, "I've jumped with worse."
- - -
- - - - In checking the newspaper, most news articles
included - -
at least a few direct quotations as well as "just the facts, - - - - ma'am." to avoid
dull reading.
- - - - - - - - -
- - - - - Official reports:
- - - Not intended to be leavened by wit,
they are unlikely to - - - have either kind.
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three parts. ... . . . . . . . ... . .. . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. Assignment
A2b has three parts.
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . .For Prose-writers
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . ..
Back Roads
Copy/paste this run-on sentence to plain text (Notepad)
Well we reached home at last about three in the morning although during the trip
I often thought we never would the rain came down in torrents from the time we left the city several times as we
had to detour around washouts I muttered Bob I told you we should have waited till morning they were the worst
possible conditions imaginable with water right up to the axles and getting deeper all the time.
#1 Find the (one) direct quotation above and put punctuate what we would hear spoken. Paste a copy
here.
Examples:
"Do you understand?" she asked.
"Yes," he said.
#2 Add
periods, commas and capitals where needed
to have complete sentences. There is more than one way; but it must make sense.
Preparation: Editing: Paragraphing,
(1)New paragraph for change of topic, time or location.
(2) New paragraph when speaker or point of view changes.
Paste it all here.
#3 Copy/paste
the following OTHER run-on sentence as plain text into (Notepad) Edit it there and then submit, together
with all of
part A2 b, clearly identified.
DIALOG in a STORY (dialogue in UK. Canada)
Change to direct quotations for a more exciting
story. Indirect is --um-- uh-- bland.... Decide, She is telling someone.
Who is it? (Avoiding "To whom," which is correct
but not heard much anymore. Page 435 With whom, to whom,
by whom, whom must be used after prepositions,
but is considered formal in most other places. Swan.
Study these again:
Indirect quotation: She said that there
would be no typing.
Direct quotation: "There will be no
typing," she said.
Preparation: (Pretend you are an editor at a magazine, and your job is to
make a famous personalty look good.)
Bob told me not to worry that his old Ford had seen worse but just then it coughed and stalled
in the middle of a big one I said he spoke too soon and he just grunted as he reached for a rag and opened the
door I asked where he was going and he looked at me funny some things need no answers he thought I took the umbrella
and stood up to my knees in water trying to keep the rain off the motor while he wiped the spark plugs dry by then
we were both thoroughly soaked and he tried to start it up again without success it was getting dark as we sat
in the car wondering what to do because there had been no other cars on the road Bob said he thought we had passed
farmhouse a while back and told me to wait there while he went for help.
(To be continued)
[ Add an interesting ending. ]
.
(Spellcheck, and proof-read for punctuation before sending.
Pretend it is being submitted to a publisher.
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . .
A2a and b optional
for extra credit
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. . . . .
B2
. .. .. .USES of the
APOSTROPHE
. .. .. .B2a Contractions (short forms of verbs)
.. Possessives of Special Nouns, Special pluralse
.. Possessive Determiners (pronoun errors)
. . . .
. . . ....,
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From Michael Swan's reference,
Practical English Usage, 1995
- - - - Section 453 (1):
apostrophe has three uses (quoted):
| one: missing letters . . . left out of contractions. |
can't ( cannot)
don't ( do not)
isn't (is not)
wouldn't (would not)
couldn't, (could not)
shouldn't (should not)
didn't (did not)
|
won't (will not)
it's ( it is / it has)
there's (there is)
where's (where is)
we're (we are)
they're (they are)
you're (you are)
|
who's ( who is) ?
where's (where is) ?
time's (time is up)
|
I'd ( I would / I had)
she'd (she had / she would)
they'd (they had/ would)
|
| why'd (why did) |
who'd (Who would, did...?) |
o'clock (of the clock)
Hallowe'en ( All Hallows'
Eve)
. . . . . . . . (archaic) shan't (shall not) . |
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two: possessives . . . before or after the -s
ending of nouns?
| the girl's father |
Charles's wife |
three miles' walk |
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[Confession: Charles's was a surprise to me. New? We all learn.]
Any name already ending in s.
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Note: words already
plural have 's
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| children's game, to me. men's room to me. women's
books |
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Lions Bingo (Lions Club needs no apostrophe) See below.
The local Lions Club The Club is singular
; It is a Club name
The same is true of all clubs or teams where the name ends in S |
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Note, this is nouns, NOT pronouns See
below.
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- -
Our Worst Mistake
- - - Possessive determiners and pronouns
do not have apostrophes. Repeat:
- - - Possessive determiners and pronouns
do not have apostrophes.
- - - [500 000 in AP do not know that. (hyperbole pronounced hi-per-bo-lee)]
- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SO,
- - - Just what are Possessive determiners and pronouns?
Pronouns that determine (decide) who owns it.
They do not have apostrophes.
"Has the cat had its food yet?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(NOT it's food-- that means it is,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Has
the cat had . . . It is food?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..................................- - - -
- - -cannibal cats! )
"This bag is yours. -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(NOT your's -- your's
has no real meaning)
. (other than "How many your's
are there in that paragraph?--the WORD)
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
"Whose coat
is that?- -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(NOT
who's-- that means who is.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Who
is. . . a coat? a turncoat? )
.
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three, special plurals . .
Words which do not usually have plurals sometimes
have an apostrophe when the plural is written.
"It's a nice idea but it has a lot of
if's and but's."
It is NOT an excuse to put an apostrophe on everything!
.
Examples
.
"Apostrophes are used in the plurals of letters, and often of numbers and abbreviations.
"He writes b's instead of d's.
"It was in the early 1960's. (
Or 1960s Swan)
"I know two MP's personally. (OR MPs) Depends where you
live.
Repeat, it is NOT an excuse
to put an apostrophe on everything!
"It is not correct
to put apostrophes in normal plurals.
"JEANS -- HALF PRICE ( NOT JEAN'S
. . . ) Shorts, slacks
Team names (sports, clubs, words that end in S) Mighty Ducks,
Leafs...
.
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. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. . . ...Assignment B2a
. . . . ... . . . . .. . . ....USING THE APOSTROPHE
Read the support-material carefully. aAnswers are there.
Save time! Copy, and paste it into Notepad or e-mail, and then make the changes it needs. Delete errors.
1. [ Its it's ] nice to see the dog lick [its it's ] bowl clean.
.
2. [As A's ] filled her report card, and her [friends friend's ] with envy.
.
3. [He's His ] [ work's works] are much better than [Bill's, Bills]
.
4. He [ hear's hears ] the doorbell: "[ Here's Hears] Johnny!"
.
5. [ Sears Sear's Sears' ] Portrait Studio has [ James' James's ] photo.
.
6. [Who's whose ] boots are at the door? Well, [who's whose] here?
.
7. [Theirs, their's] is the end house near [your's, yours.]
.
8. [Kid's, kids] who lisp find it hard to say [they're their] [ sses, s's].
.
9. [Billiards, Billiard's ] and [checker's, checkers ] are [game's, games.]
.
10.[Wide, Why'd] they say [its, it's] [Lion's, Lions] Bingo tonight?
.
/ 24 choices. Best 20 count.
.
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. . . . .
C2
..PRONOUNS,
Subject, Object, Possessive
C2a Uses of Pronouns, Correct forms of pronouns
. . . .
...
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. . GREFS
from Unit 2 Section C
. . . . . . . . .
. .REFERENCE
Pronouns
subject, object, possessive,
(Puzzle sentence: )
It was
the name of them there. They conquered it. Theirs
ended with his.
Have we any idea what is discussed here?
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Pronouns are short words that save the effort
of writing long nouns like Nebuchadnezzar.
.
In questions, the pronoun is who
or what?
Pronouns can replace nouns. even
short ones!
Let's review:
Nouns are the names of things: concepts, ideas and feelings,
both real and imaginary. Proper nouns have capitals.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - Translating the puzzle sentence:
Nebuchadnezzar ( It ) was the name of
three kings (them)
of Babylonia. Nebuchadnezzar I and II (They) conquered
ancient Mesopotamia ( it ). Nebuchadnezzars' reign (Theirs)
ended with Nebuchadnezzar III's (his) assassination.
. . . . . . Pronouns work as subject of verb,
. . . . . . It was as object
of the verb, conquered
it.
. . . . . . as object of the preposition, of
three kings: them
. . . . . . as possessive, with
nouns. his assassination.
CONTINUES
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.... MATRIX
OF PRONOUN USES
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subject
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subjective
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object
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possessive
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I ( am
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( it is ) mine (old)
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( saw ) me, myself
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my ( home )
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you ( are )
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( it is ) yours
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( saw ) you, yourself
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your ( home )
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(old) thou ( art )
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( it is ) thine (old)
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(old) ( saw )thee
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(old) thy ( home )
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he / she ( is )
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( it is ) his / hers
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( saw ) him / her
( saw )himself
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his / her ( home )
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it ( is )
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( it is ) (its) --?
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( saw ) it, itself
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its ( home )
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we ( are )
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( it is ) ours
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( saw ) us, ourselves
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our ( homes )
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you ( are )
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( it is ) yours
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( saw ) you, yourselves
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your ( homes )
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they( are )
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( it is ) theirs
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( saw )them, themselves
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their ( homes
|
| . . Searching for other archaic versions. Please contact
Webmaster! |
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. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . ... .. . .. Assignment C2a
. . . . ... . . . . PRONOUNS: subject,
object, possessive
.. . . . . . . . ... .. . .. ..The glossary of Terms has help
too
Unless everything else is archaic too, please avoid "old English"
uses for 'mine,' 'thine' 'thou,' 'thy' and 'thee'
["It is mine," is its proper use in modern English. ]
A pronoun replaces a noun, and acts as a subject or object. List only the kind of pronouns from the sets below.
(Others are possessive pronouns.)
I, me, my, mine, you, he, him, his, she, her, hers,
you, your, yours, it, its, we, us, our, ours,
they, their, theirs, them, thee, thou, thy.
(it, they, them can also
be used to refer to things as well as people)
USE the pronouns above in SHORT SENTENCES
#1. as Subject of a verb: "I (worked)"
(Omit if not a subject pronoun.) Add others:
AND
#2. as Object of a verb: "(Helped) me."
AND
#3. as Object of a preposition (a "pre-position"
introduces a phrase. A phrase has no verb.) "to, with, about, on, in, behind, . (to me") (under them)
(Best 20 count.) 5 bonus if 25+ 0f 27 right.
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. . .D2 NOUNS
.SINGULAR,
PLURAL, IRREGULAR
.D2a Problem
where data, media, and phenomena look singular and thus are used wrong.
.Correct
spelling of the plural form of nouns.
.D2b VOCABULARY BUILDING from other languages.
. Invitation to help build our
list: bonus points given .
.. . .
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.GREFS from
week 2 Section D
Singular and plural, regular, irregular, Greek, Latin
EXPANDING ETYMOLOGICAL COLLECTION.
The richness of the English language has been increased
by other languages. This matrix continues to expand
as / if more contributions arrive. Please help
To be accepted, it must be found in an English dictionary.
Identify with number and Source of word, Plural if possible.
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Singular |
. Plural |
. . What Kind |
| 1 |
ham, cat
tub, cuff |
hams, cats,
tubs, cuffs |
regular, end in
consonant, add s |
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2
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glass, tax |
glasses, taxes |
regular, end in
consonant, add es |
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3
|
wolf, calf, self |
wolves, calves,
selves |
irregular ending in f,
change f to v, + es |
|
4
|
knife, life, wife |
knives, lives, wives |
irregular ending in fe,
change f to v, + es |
|
5
|
house, home |
houses, homes |
regular ending in
vowel e, add s |
|
6
|
mouse, louse,
die |
mice, lice, dice |
different irregular |
|
7
|
moose, sheep,
fish |
moose, sheep,
fish |
Identical, same |
|
8
|
masculine.
alumnus |
alumni |
Latin, ends in us,
plural ends in i |
|
9
|
fem. larva,
vertebra |
larvae,
vertebrae |
Latin, ends in a,
plural ends in ae |
|
10
|
neutral: datum,
medium |
data, media |
Latin, ends in um,
plural ends in a |
Caution: RED It
is wrong to use plural words
as if they were singular. Check
the dictionary to see
if an English plural is available. |
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11
|
criterion, |
criteria, |
Greek, ends in on,
plural ends in a |
|
12
|
cherub
seraph |
cherubim, cherubs
seraphim, seraphs |
Hebrew, have been
anglicized |
|
13
|
chateau,
bureau
boulevard,
boutique
entrepreneur |
chateaux,
bureaux
boulevards,
boutiques
entrepreneurs |
French,
have been
anglicized |
|
14
|
canoe |
canoes |
Spanish, Mexican,
used as English |
|
15
|
lied |
lieder |
German, Dutch
used as English |
|
16
|
sauna |
saunas |
Finnish, Swedish,
European |
|
17
|
glasnost |
|
Russian, Ukrainean, |
|
18
|
kiosk T,
kasbah A |
plurals? |
Turkish, Arabic,
Middle Eastern, |
|
19
|
tepee |
tepees |
Sioux Aboriginal,
N.American "Indian," |
|
20
|
igloo kayak |
igloos kayaks |
Inuit, Aboriginal,
Far Northern, Lapp |
|
21
|
boomerang ab? |
|
Aboriginal, Maori
used as English |
|
22
|
|
|
Aboriginal, African
used as English |
|
23
|
sushi |
|
Oriental. . .Japanese
used as English |
|
24
|
|
|
Oriental. . . Chinese |
|
25
|
hula |
|
Hawaiian Other |
|
|
|
|
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. Dictionary
Assignment D2a
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... PLURALS, for vocabulary building.
Dictionary research:
We get many frequently used words from other languages. Result is that some
that are really plural get used as if they were singular. (wrong)
-Usage has changed some
of these, permitting them to become totally English words. When formally writing, however, the original Latin or Greek word is never wrong, while the colloquial form may appear illiterate.{-
EXAMPLE:
Singular: television is a modern medium of communication.
Plural: News is given In
the print media, magazines,
newspapers, and books,
.
Find and submit the plural (more than one) form
of singulars below. (Latin, Greek)
GIVE A SHORT SENTENCE FOR EACH,
SINGULAR and PLURAL
medium (2 different meanings)
.
datum (Plural usually used wrong.)
.
criterion (2) Plural usually used wrong.
.
phenomenon (2ways)
.
parenthesis
.
ellipsis
.
thesis
.
oasis
.
crisis
.
cherub
.
seraph (2)
.
eclipse
Best 10 pairs count.
.
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. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. Assignment
D2b . ... . . . . . . . ... .
INVITATION Especially for members with non-English background: Vocabulary building, SPELLING
EXPANDING COLLECTION:
Add to sets of words from other cultures, for the list: [Find EXPANDING]
(Bonus point for each new WORD you can add to the
singular-plural list, used as an English word,
found in Oxford or Webster's dictionary.
No repeats, please.
CHECK OUT WHAT WE ALREADY HAVE.
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i
. . . . E2
....SENTENCE
FORM, Assertive
.E2a Overview, Comparing
ComparinFour kinds of sentences
. . . . . . . .Relationships of main parts of speech,
. . . . . . . .with
examples to clarify them.
E2b Graphic Analysis of Assertive
Sentences,
. . . . . . . . the
codes, clarified, with Modifiers.
. . . ....
|
.
.
| GREFS from week 2 E |
| Introducing Sentence form, Assertive, |
| noun subject / verb predicate. . . + Modifiers |
Copied from Grefs1 section E1
This section builds on mastery of
PARTS OF SPEECH (eventually)
Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles, verbs, adverbs,
prepositions, conjunctions, participles, gerunds
Goal: to be able to analyse all sentences.
Bookmark this page to use frequently.B-
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Here in Grefs2
Reviewing Sentence form, Assertive,
noun subject / verb predicate. . . + Modifiers
To reduce duplication, much of what we need in E is described
in A2b
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- - - - - KINDS
OF SENTENCES: A LOOK AHEAD
r. . . .r. . .What
each kind does, subject, verb, punctuation.
(1) Assertive sentences tell.
.
It is a beautiful day.
(2) Exclamatory sentences are excited. .
What a beautiful day it is!
(3) Interrogative sentences
ask. . .
Are you sure?
(4) Imperative sentences
command. .
(You omitted) Go out and look.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "and"
is a conjunction.
r. . . What "parts of speech" do in sentences
A noun can be a subject, as
above.
An object of a verb, as in
he hit the ball.
. . . . . . .(ball receives the action, hit.)
An object of a preposition,
. . . . . . .from my brother,
to the table, in time.
A subjective completion she
is a writer.
. . . . . . .(she and writer are the same)
. . . . . . .Two nouns "in apposition" are the same.
. . . . . . .Her sister, a lawyer, is... etc
. . . . . What modifies
(describes) each kind..
A noun is modified
by an adjective, red apple (what kind? which?)
A noun can be m.. . . . by an adjective phrase: apple from my
tree
A noun can be . . . . by an adjective clause: apple that he
picked
noun ......c. . . .by another noun in apposition: apple, a McIntosh,
A verb can be modified by
an adverb, ran fast
(how?)
A v...... . . . . . . . by an adverb phrase, ran past my house. (where?)
A v.....er. . . .by an adverb
clause, ran when the bell rang. (when?)
An adverb can be modified
by an adverb, very fast
(how fast?)
A . . . .by an adverb phrase, fast as a speeding
bullet (how
fast?)
. . . . . .by an adverb clause, faster than he
knew (how
much faster?)
An adjective is modified
by an adverb, quite sweet
(how sweet?)
An.......... . . . .by an adverb phrase, sweet as a lullaby (how sweet?)
. .............. . . . by an adverb clause, sweet when she
sings (when?)
(Please note a handy use for the ellipsis (.
. . . ) to stand for several n.........words which would have made the line too long.)
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r. . . .r. . .r
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. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . .. .
. ... . .Assignment E2a
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... ., , IDENTIFYING SENTENCES.
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . ..Using
the information provided above:
. . . . ... . .Assertive Exclamatory Interrogative Imperative
... . .. ... Copy-paste
the sentences and tell what kind each one is:
. . ..At work, please clear
your desk at the end of the day.. . ... . ..S He always completes more work than the rest of us
.. . .Oh, help me--I can't
find--I left my wallet in the store!
. . ..Where did you park
the car?
subject, object of a verb, object of a preposition, subjective completion
Copy-paste the sentences and tell what kind each red does:
. . . The dog
chased the ball,
. . .Her father is a very kind man.
. . .That book belongs back on the shelf.
. . . Two boys were
busy playing a game,
What modifies (describes) each kind?
. . .A verb can be modified by
. . .A noun is modified by
.
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. . . .r. . .
. . ... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ...E2b
. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . AND WHERE WE WERE HEADING:
GRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES
If unclear, consult the GLOSSARY of grammatical terms
in Grefs1 or e-mail
for advice!
To save time, instead of writing its name every time
to tell what each one is, we will use this code:
The Codes are adapted from pencil-codes and thus totally
arbitrary! They do save a lot of time, and will be used to the
end of Unit 8. [ Shift-hyphen gives an underscore. and faster
yet, of course, it is possible to paste all of them in, with a
space between each word-code. ]
__Subject,
NOUN or pronoun__ has double underscores
front and back. Sometimes only one pair shows as other
pair turns into html underline, or when sending with rich
text E-mail.
Also in double back-slashed
\\ VERB, predicate \\
sometimes the inside pair is used to make italics, and only
the outer ones are seen. In plain text, both stay doubled.
MODIFIERS describe other words.
( ADJECTIVES ) modify NOUNS, no matter where they are
and have parentheses... "round brackets"
// ADVERBS // -surprise- modify VERBS and have double
slashes.
There is more, but wait for it.
It answers how, when, where, and sometimes why.
EXAMPLES of word order. (Mentally rearrange if it helps)
The shaggy __dog__ barked loudly
Yesterday the black __cat__ returned
Was your __cat__ hungry then ? . . . . .
Subjects
------------------------------------------------------------------
The shaggy dog \\ barked\\ loudly
Yesterday the black cat \\returned\\
\\Was\\
your cat hungry then ? Verbs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(The shaggy ) dog barked loudly
Yesterday (the black) cat returned
Was (your) cat (hungry) then ? Adjectives
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The shaggy dog barked //loudly//
//Yesterday// the black cat returned
Was your cat hungry //then//
? Adverbs asking
how, when?
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. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . ... . ..
. . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. Assignment E2b
. . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . .
. Match these sentences to the ones
they most closely resemble. . Insert codes to identify
(Mentally rearrange if it helps)
The little boy played in the sandbox
Was the new car ready in time?
Today terrible storms will come. . . . . . Verbs
The little boy played in the sandbox.
Was the new car ready in time?
Today terrible storms will come. Subjects
The little boy played in the sandbox.
Was the new car ready in time?
Today terrible storms will come. Adverbs
The little boy played in the sandbox.
Was the new car ready in time?
Today terrible storms will come. Adjectives
//Next time// (all four) __kinds__ \\will be\\ //in
one sentence.//
. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . .Both
E2a and b optional
for extra credit.
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Minimum one assignment to advance:
Your very best ones should be submitted to
AP after marking. Credit for the number
of assignments you did will be given,
Eight max possible. No time limit.
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