THIS IS THE ORIGINAL Grefs4 LIFTED INTACT FROM
Allpoetry
WHERE INSURNMOUNTABLE DIFFICULTIES DEFEATED.
It is possible that the original 8-week version may disappear
before the new ones are active. Saved from the jaws of LOSS.
Assignment for class Punctuation Usage Grammar
2006 PART 4 Assignments End of COURSE ONE
2006 Week 4, Indented Paragraphs, Verbs Phrases,
SUBTITLE: COMMAS IN LONG SENTENCES Subjunctives
Notice, this course has been separated in TWO, with a trophy at the end
of part 4 awarded to those who have seriously attempted all five parts of
each level, (and where choices exist, bonus points are given to all extras
passed). A second trophy goes to those similarly completing the more
advanced parts 5 to 8. I hope you will see all of them here also in Allpoetry.
NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW
GLOSSARY OF TERMS THERE ALWAYS. Q-A
TROUBLESHOOTING at CLASS INTRO p1, bottom.
Our website supports all assignments in full color!
http://www.mattaweb.ca/web2006/GrefStart.htm will open the entire set to you,
even though some technical difficulties remain to be repaired.
The assignments are not tests, and we are here to teach!
The test is in your later growth.
You may send your work first to THE CLINIC, my e-mail,
tmatt@vianet.ca for checking and priority help, and THEN, no need to change
if it passed, send your work through the answer box at the end of this page to
AP which then opens the next.
Bundle up as many items as you like. Your highest score will be the one that
counts. (On "graduation," you'll find bonus points from me, for good extras.)
-----------------------------------
Welcome to our fourth session on paragraphing, punctuation, and help to
avoid common errors in what we write, the nuts and bolts of Language.
Here is a part of the MASTER MENU that will match the website.
A4: Commas in long sentences, Punctuating sentence
fragments in conversation,
B4: Paragraphing with sentence fragments in fast conversation.
Phrases and subordinate clauses
C4: Sentence structure with modifying phrases Proofreading for common errors
D4: Verbs: the "disappearing Subjunctive" remnants (Ref Swan)
The active world of verbs and verb phrases
E4: Graphic analysis of sentences: What to do with commands and questions
with verb phrases
----------------Assignment A4 begins
EXAMPLE A4
Pretend you cannot see the ----- or . . . It indents.
-----Newly retired Rolly Menard who had arrived at his dock, greeted his wife
Jeanne as he pulled his canoe up on shore. "Got a beauty," he said, "but the
season isn't open yet."
-----"So you tossed it back."
-----"Of course."
-----She smiled. "Phantom fish are fast to fillet." She knew he would enjoy the
alliteration.
-----Rolly grinned, looking forward to the poem she had written in his absence.
He knew he could count on her to raise his spirits. Too bad he was mistaken.
This was an example.
REVIEW EXAMPLE A4 above: Study this selection from Chapter 1.
458, 2--Swan (From Week 2) A new paragraph when there is:
[1.] Change of speaker, point of view.
[2.] Change of topic, time or place
[3.] Review the punctuation in this dialogue (dialog in US)
THINK: (no need to write.)
In sentence 2: Note commas and the space after each, no capital when the
spoken words start again.
What do you think the "beauty" is? Should it be told?
(It is a big fish in spawning season, not allowed to be kept. Would it be pedantic,
to explain and lose the thread?)
In sentences 3 and 4, do we need to be told who speaks?
Sentence 5 is a way to avoid he said-she said repetition. It ends with a "hook"
to foreshadow what may happen later.
Part A4 BEGAN with a REFERENCE
. . . Indented paragraphs (like in published novels) have no blank lines between
paragraphs. Software can make it hard to indent, collapsing the space. With HTML,
we would color those 3 to 5 dots ( ..... ) to match the background, and paste them
to indent and disappear. (Here we will pretend they do.)
----- is another option, but for publication, plain text would not have these problems.
.
AGAIN:
[1.] Change of speaker, point of view.
[2.] Change of topic, time or place
ASSIGNMENT A4: Please COPY/PASTE, punctuate and add capitals.
The paragraphs are provided.Spacebar spaces disappear in this software.
. . .together they climbed the hill to the house grass is getting long
. . .ill cut it ya know I worked a lot of long years for the privilege of cutting
my grass before noon on a workday
. . .and you don't miss working even a little bit
. . .he took out his pipe checked it still had enough in it and ritualistically lit it
before he said in a puff of smoke I don't miss the shipping department but
kind of wonder about the new guy who replaced me
. . .why is that
. . .another thoughtful puff of smoke I don't know why but I have a funny
feeling about him
. . .you weren't the one who hired him
. . .no
. . .do you have a reason to say that
. . .rolly drew on his pipe and opened the shed door ready to take out the
lawn mower...
End of A End of A End of A End of A End of A End of A End of A
.
.
----------------ASSIGNMENT B4
.
The punctuation is provided to make it easier.
(. . . )space-holder for indentations may be typed or pasted. Spacebar spaces
disappear in this software.
COPY/PASTE, use ( . . . ) as space holders, and please edit into indented
paragraphs. Add who said it if unclear. (Rolly and Jeanne)
It has to make sense.
.
"I don't know. Ok, it has been less than three months, and you remember
how loyal Sandra was, and how she really needed the job." "So?" "She's gone.
No one knows where. Gone." The lawn mower was ready to go but moving
nowhere. Rolly knocked out his pipe on the cement walk, and put it empty,
into his pocket. "Maybe he insulted her? Overweight and all?" Jeanne knew
something strange was still coming. "He has a new clerk, all long ineteen-year-old
legs and pouty lips, and eyes that could etch glass." "Don't tell me. All glamour,
attitude?" "Worse. Up to something. Frankly I am concerned about Sandra."
When the mower sprang into life, grass took the punishment of his thoughts.
End of B End of B End of B End of B End of B End of B End of B
----------------RULES FOR APOSTROPHES
All apostrophes in these sentences are correctly used.
Consider what each one does.
1. I'm sure it's done, but I'll check if he'd agree.
All replace missing letters from: am, is, will, would.
2. Don't bother them when they're reading!
Words: not, are.
.
3. Mary's car may have lost its back light.
ownership. Mary's (Mary owns it) its:
Pronoun possessives never have apostrophes.
.
4. The leader put the boys' coats into the car.
Where the plural ends in s, the apostrophe follows it.
Plurals like children use 's : children's toys.
.
5. Dogs, cats, and birds are good pets.
Plurals seldom have apostrophes.
Exceptions: How many A's did he get?
7's and 13's have superstitions.
6. Names of clubs or teams that end in s have NO apostrophe.
Lions Club, Dodgers game.
----------------ASSIGNMENT C4
.
(Based on real AP comments, altered for anonymity.)
Please "proof-read" these sentences. (Caution: some things may be correct,
just often done wrong. Feedback will give corrected forms, or IM for right
answers.
Hint, study uses of the apostrophe, also check out the website. Take a
print-out of the rules... Use them to help do this "Open-book exercise."
COPY/PASTE and MAKE NECESSARY CHANGES.
.
1. A good night's sleep is to die for.
.
2. Thats saying quite a bit im really interested
.
3. With all the bee's and flies, its good we were inside.
.
4. Cant play loud music while your sleeping.
.
5. He should of won his power at it's peak
.
6. Who's work did you comment on?
.
7. Tell them you wont except the collect call or anything there giving.
.
8. Get me a ticket to a Maple Leaf's game!
.
9. Those dog's arent about to get outta my garden!
.
10. Thats not fair, your's is better then mine.
If you see nothing wrong with most of them, IM for the answer-page,
and sumit a different assignment.
End of C End of C End of C End of C End of C End of C End of C
.
http://www.mattaweb.ca/web2006/Grefs4.htm
.
----------------- D4 REFERENCE only:
.
VERBS, and VERB PHRASES (Also see the chart in web site.)
.
"I don't know" contains a verb phrase, "do know."
Subject, "I",
.
(not) is an adverb and not a part of the verb.
"do know" is a verb phrase.
The auxiliary part (do) and the principal part (know) show that the action
is still going on, or has been until recently.
.
We ran for miles : Simple Past tense
We run every day : Simple Present tense.
We will run again : Phrase, Future tense (So far so good?)
.
Let's complicate it a bit. "He ran the business." (NOT a verb phrase
because business is a noun, not a principal part of a verb.) OK?
Commonly Used Verb Tenses ( because of the auxiliary verb ) .
He runs. (now, Present tense, not a verb phrase.)
He is running (now, Present progressive. phrase, is running)
He does run sometimes, (Present, insisting? phrase does run.)
He can run fast (Present, possibility? phrase can run)
He may run for office, (phrase, may run, but not sure)
He might run, (phrase, might run, even less sure of it.)
He must run. (phrase, must run. Compelled, Obsessive? )
(Many auxiliary verbs like can, could, will be able to,
does (do) did, possibility: may, might, might have
change the meaning of the principal verb in all tenses.) Clear so far?
.
Verb phrases, past tenses:
.
They ran. Past tense, ran is not a verb phrase
They were running. ( Past of "are running")
He has run, [has run, in French Passe indefini ]
He had run "had run, pluperfect" [in French, plusqueparfait.]
They did run, they could run, (once) auxiliary, did, could, past.
We have been running (had been running, often) --been makes it past
He might have been running (might have been running, but I doubt it.)
He would have run (would have run, but no one asked him...)
We should have run (should have run but didn't)
And:
.
Future:
Other languages have a special form for the future (e.g. infinitive +ending,
French, voir, il verra; attendre, j'attendrai )
and for the future-conditional: il verrait, nous attendrions, we would wait)
(Do other cultures have more faith in the future?)
.
In English we rely on auxiliary verbs to get future and conditional meaning.
.
Verb phrases give future tenses:
She will run. A simple future verb phrase. (She will = future)
She would run, she might run future-conditional
She will have been running daily for years. (future progressive)
By the time we get home he should have run (already.)
.
Section 221 in Swan "Shall" in future is used much more often in UK
Elsewhere, "shall" has been replaced by the contraction 'll (I'll find the book.)
in predicting, conditional, requests, offers, orders, threats and promises.
.
(See section 222 in Swan for more detail.)
That is enough.
.
At last,
--------------------- EXAMPLES D4a
To change a sentence into a question:
.
Example of questions: (interrogative form.)
Can he run fast? How long have we been working?
.
Note the location of the subject "he" and "we"
Question: Can he run fast?
Answer: He can run fast.
Question: How long have we been working?
Answer: We have been working /a long time/
Question: Is he there?
Answer: He is there
Question: Were we called?
Answer: We were called.
Question: Will he be coming?
Answer: He will be coming.
Question: Would he have come last week?
Answer: He would have come last week.
Question: Don't they understand?
Answer: They do not understand.
Question: Do you think the point will have been made?
Answer: You do think the point will have been made, that the verb
comes first in a question, but not the whole thing in a verb phrase.
--------------- Assignment D4a
Using the examples as a guide, copy-paste and change
any ten different VERB reference sentences(above)into questions.
.
.
OR,
.
------------- ASSIGNMENT D4b,
USING THE Enter Enter Enter Enter method, convert the paragraph
below into unrhymed (or rhymed if your Muse is working) verse.
Keep the meaning but feel free to make it funnier.
.
If All the Verbs Were Gone
.
Without verbs, the world stands still, no-- or "stands"
is also a verb, and "is" too. Ceases to exist?
No, both ceasing and existing are verbs and we have said (oops, "have said"
is a verb phrase) if there were none... No, even in the subjunctive
"if there were" doubting as it does, "were" vanishes and itself disappears,
dragging those three verbs away on the back of the participle, dragging" oops,
...itself and "disappears," away.
.
The most essential of words,
when only in fragments, ....silently,
without action or existence,
.
now a memory of activity,
a sound of laughter dry of tears,
a reminder of life's persistence
.
but a wisp of remnant thought,
dusty and immobile, forgotten,
alone and forever, dead.
.
End of D End of D End of D End of D End of D End of D End of D
.
.
-------------REFERENCES FOR ASSIGNMENT E4
THE CODE-CHART is color-coded in Grefs5.
http://www.mattaweb.ca/web2006/Grefs5.htm
"What is a verb?" It is action, telling what the subject does or is.
"Go!" is a complete sentence!
-------------------------CODE CHARTS
A SUMMARY OF FACTS ABOUT NOUNS
1. Subject of a verb: boy laughed.
2. Object of a verb: He delivered what? [newspapers]
3. Object of a preposition:
phrase ---- without books ---- how?
phrase ---- after work --------- when?
phrase ---- as a reward ------- why?
phrase ---- in school ---------- where?
4. Two nouns in apposition, meaning the same,
can both be subjects of the same verb.
---- Her mother, a nurse, helped us...
Two nouns in apposition, can both be objects of the same verb.
---- She helped [Sarah], [(my) neighbour].
---- We watched [Nova], a [(TV) documentary].
Two nouns in apposition,can be objects of the same preposition
---- into a shed, a safe shelter. [same meaning]
---- of yogourt, a milk product
5. Proper nouns need capitals They are special names of persons, places, or things
---- Gandhi, Fred, Athens, TB, M.D.
Common nouns, everything else
----road, bread, thunder, friend, roses, albatross.
It includes abstract concepts,
---- loyalty, truth, faith, success, trouble, evil.
6. Nouns are modified by adjectives
----(ripe, sweet, delicious, slow, uncomfortable)
----(fresh, fresher, freshest)
----(interesting, more interesting, most interesting)
Nouns are modified by adjective phrases
----grapes (of wrath) house (with green shutters)
Nouns are modified by adjective clauses
----The pioneers (who settled in the valley)...
----The cash (that is locked in the safe)...
------------------A SUMMARY OF FACTS ABOUT VERBS
1. Intransitive verb has no object:
---- boy \\laughed\\.
---- baby \\slept\\.
2. Transitive verb has an object:
---- he \\delivered\\ what? [newspapers].
---- wind \\blew\\what? [(the) tree /down/]
3. Copula verb joins the subject and an adjective describing the subject
---- the boy is {tall}.
---- He felt (sick)
----
Copula verb joins the subject and a noun the same as the subject
---- the girl is {his sister}
---- greed became {(a)(serious) problem}
4, Verbs have TENSES,
---- present, she thinks
---- past, she thought
---- future, she will think
Each of these have other forms
---- present progressive, she is thinking
---- past progressive, she was thinking
---- future progressive, she will be thinking
They are listed in full in section D.
5. Depending on word order, verbs are active
---- The team won the game
Depending on word order, Passive
---- The game was won by the home team.
6. Meaning of verb is indicative
----It was a fact!
If meaning is subjunctive, contrary to fact,
----If only it were so!
7. Verbs are moderated by adverbs ---- fast, slowly, remarkably
Verbs are moderated by adverb phrases
----phrase, ran where?--//through town//
----phrase, ran how?---//withoutpausing//
----phrase, ran when?----- //on weekends//
----phrase, ran why?------ //for exercise//
Verbs are moderated by adverb clauses,
----She sang //while she worked.//
----He worked //until he had it right.//
------- and like that ---------
.
.
Or, look at it another way: in GRAPHIC ANALYSIS:
_subject_ underscored in pencil, would be underlined.
A Noun, or pronoun has double underscores only as a _subject_ of a verb.
-----------------------
A [noun,pronoun,] as [OBJECT of verb] has square brackets.
Put the adjective that modifies an object WITHIN the
[object's] box.
----Mother likes [(soft)music].
Put the adjective phrase that modifies an object WITHIN the [(the) object's] box.
----Mother likes [ketchup (with eggs.)]
Put the adjective clause that modifies an object WITHIN the [object's] box.
----Mother likes [(the) book (that she found).]
-----------------------
A {Subjective Completion} is a {noun, pronoun, same as subject.
Put the adjective that modifies Subjective Completion
WITHIN the { SC } box.
{(adjective) SC}---------He is {(a good) boy }
{(adjective phrase) SC}--He is {(a) boy (on that team)}
{(adjective clause) SC}--He is {(a) boy (we can trust.)}
A Subjective Completion} may be an {adjective modifying the subject.}
Put the adverb that modifies the SC WITHIN the { SC } box. He is {dependable.}
{/adverb/ SC}-------They seem {/very/ dependable }
{/adverb phrase/ SC}---They seem {gentle /with pets/}
{/adverb clause/ SC}-------They seem {happy /where they work/}
-----------------------
SENTENCES THAT COMMAND: IMPERATIVE Come here!
It seems to have no subject. Wrong! It's YOU.
Three dots will mean UNDERSTOOD. You . . .
An /adverb/ modifies a \\verb\\
------- __You__ . . . \\Come\\ /here/ /now/!
------- __You__ . . . \\whistle\\ /while you work/
------- __You__ . . . \\wash\\ [(those)dishes]
__Suggestion,__ __You__ . . .\\Be\\ {sure /that each part is clear/ /before
moving on./}
__You__ . . . \\Run off\\ [(a)(print) copy] /as reference./
(This)( first) __assignment__ \\will mix\\ [them,] so
__You__ . . . \\keep\\ [(the) samples (handy)].
--------------------------------------------------------
Let's ease into this task, taking it bit by bit.
Let us
.
Let's be firm there first.
To be a sentence it must have a noun or pronoun subject and
a verb as predicate.
.
. \\Will\\ __he__ \\come\\ /here?/
--------------- Assignment E4
USING THE CHART AS A GUIDE, copy-paste and ANALYSE:
1. Black cat had jumped
2. Black cat had not jumped
3. The wild black cat had jumped high.
4. Did the hungry cat see a small bird?
5. Did you see the cat catch the bird?
6. The bird was far too smart for that.
7. Please bring in today's newspaper.
8. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.
9. He was eating some delicious pie.
10. Where did we put the new magazine?
11. Can you remember the name of the new book?
12. The player's penalty made them lose the game.
13. A terrible accident happened at sea.
14. Why did the news leave it unreported?
15 The best ten will count in this open-book exercise.
End of E End of E End of E End of E End of E End of E End of E
Resources
The website is your teacher, using colour coding (color in US) to draw
attention to things as they are discussed.
Students have contributed in the past, and space is provided for yours.
(IM me)
Navigation
http://www.mattaweb.ca/web2006/GRefs.htm gives an overview.
It has links to take you everywhere, and tells when topics will be covered.
"Back arrow" returns you.